C++ Operators

C++ Operators

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Example

int x = 100 + 50;

Although the + operator is often used to add together two values, like in the example above, it can also be used to add together a variable and a value, or a variable and another variable:

Example

int sum1 = 100 + 50;        // 150 (100 + 50)
 int sum2 = sum1 + 250;      // 400 (150 + 250)
 int sum3 = sum2 + sum2;     // 800 (400 + 400)

C++ divides the operators into the following groups:

  • Arithmetic operators
  • Assignment operators
  • Comparison operators
  • Logical operators
  • Bitwise operators

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C++ Data Types Examples

Real-Life Examples

Here’s a real-life example of using different data types, to calculate and output the total cost of a number of items:

Example

// Create variables of different data types
int items = 50;
double cost_per_item = 9.99;
double total_cost = items * cost_per_item;
char currency = '$';

// Print variables
cout << "Number of items: " << items << "\n";
cout << "Cost per item: " << cost_per_item << currency << "\n";
cout << "Total cost = " << total_cost << currency << "\n";

Continue reading C++ Data Types Examples

C++ String Data Types

String Types

The string type is used to store a sequence of characters (text). This is not a built-in type, but it behaves like one in its most basic usage. String values must be surrounded by double quotes : Continue reading C++ String Data Types

C++ Character Data Types

Character Types

The char data type is used to store a single character. The character must be surrounded by single quotes, like ‘A’ or ‘c’:

Example

char myGrade = 'B';
cout << myGrade;

Alternatively, if you are familiar with ASCII, you can use ASCII values to display certain characters: Continue reading C++ Character Data Types

C++ Boolean Data Types

Boolean Types

A boolean data type is declared with the bool keyword and can only take the values true or false.

When the value is returned, true = 1 and false = 0.

Example

bool isCodingFun = true;
bool isFishTasty = false;
cout << isCodingFun;  // Outputs 1 (true)
cout << isFishTasty;  // Outputs 0 (false)

Continue reading C++ Boolean Data Types

C++ Numeric Data Types

Numeric Types

Use int when you need to store a whole number without decimals, like 35 or 1000, and float or double when you need a floating point number (with decimals), like 9.99 or 3.14515. Continue reading C++ Numeric Data Types

C++ Data Types

C++ Data Types

As explained in the Variables article , a variable in C++ must be a specified data type:

Example

int myNum = 5;               // Integer (whole number)
float myFloatNum = 5.99;     // Floating point number
double myDoubleNum = 9.98;   // Floating point number
char myLetter = 'D';         // Character
bool myBoolean = true;       // Boolean
string myText = "Hello";     // String

Continue reading C++ Data Types

C++ User Input

C++ User Input

You have already learned that cout is used to output (print) values. Now we will use cin to get user input.

cin is a predefined variable that reads data from the keyboard with the extraction operator (>>).

In the following example, the user can input a number, which is stored in the variable x. Then we print the value of x: Continue reading C++ User Input

C++ Variables Examples

Real-Life Examples

Let’s get a bit more practical!

Often in our examples, we simplify variable names to match their data type (myInt or myNum for int types, myChar for char types, and so on). This is done to avoid confusion.

However, for a practical example of using variables, we have created a program that stores different data about a college student: Continue reading C++ Variables Examples

C++ Constants

Constants

When you do not want others (or yourself) to change existing variable values, use the const keyword (this will declare the variable as “constant”, which means unchangeable and read-only):

Example

const int myNum = 15;  // myNum will always be 15
myNum = 10;  // error: assignment of read-only variable 'myNum'

You should always declare the variable as constant when you have values that are unlikely to change: Continue reading C++ Constants