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Multiple Parameters

Inside the function, you can add as many parameters as you want:

Example

void myFunction(string fname, int age) {
  cout << fname << " Refsnes. " << age << " years old. \n";
}

int main() {
  myFunction("Liam", 3);
  myFunction("Jenny", 14);
  myFunction("Anja", 30);
  return 0;
}

// Liam Refsnes. 3 years old.
// Jenny Refsnes. 14 years old.
// Anja Refsnes. 30 years old.

Note that when you are working with multiple parameters, the function call must have the same number of arguments as there are parameters, and the arguments must be passed in the same order.

Continue reading C++ Multiple Parameters

Default Parameter Value

You can also use a default parameter value, by using the equals sign (=).

If we call the function without an argument, it uses the default value (“Norway”):

Example

void myFunction(string country = "Norway") {
  cout << country << "\n";
}

int main() {
  myFunction("Sweden");
  myFunction("India");
  myFunction();
  myFunction("USA");
  return 0;
}

// Sweden
// India
// Norway
// USA

A parameter with a default value, is often known as an “optional parameter“. From the example above, country is an optional parameter and "Norway" is the default value.

Continue reading C++ Default Parameters

Parameters and Arguments

Information can be passed to functions as a parameter. Parameters act as variables inside the function.

Parameters are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. You can add as many parameters as you want, just separate them with a comma: Continue reading C++ Function Parameters

C++ Functions

A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.

You can pass data, known as parameters, into a function.

Functions are used to perform certain actions, and they are important for reusing code: Define the code once, and use it many times.

Continue reading C++ Functions

Modify the Pointer Value

You can also change the pointer’s value. But note that this will also change the value of the original variable: Continue reading C++ Modify Pointers

Get Memory Address and Value

In the example from the previous page, we used the pointer variable to get the memory address of a variable (used together with the & reference operator). However, you can also use the pointer to get the value of the variable, by using the * operator (the dereference operator): Continue reading C++ Dereference

C++ Pointers

Creating Pointers

You learned from the previous chapter, that we can get the memory address of a variable by using the & operator:

Example

string food = "Pizza"; // A food variable of type string

cout << food;  // Outputs the value of food (Pizza)
cout << &food; // Outputs the memory address of food (0x6dfed4)

A pointer however, is a variable that stores the memory address as its value.

A pointer variable points to a data type (like int or string) of the same type, and is created with the * operator. The address of the variable you’re working with is assigned to the pointer: Continue reading C++ Pointers

C++ Memory Address

Memory Address

In the example from the previous page, the & operator was used to create a reference variable. But it can also be used to get the memory address of a variable; which is the location of where the variable is stored on the computer.

When a variable is created in C++, a memory address is assigned to the variable. And when we assign a value to the variable, it is stored in this memory address.

To access it, use the & operator, and the result will represent where the variable is stored: Continue reading C++ Memory Address

C++ References

Creating References

A reference variable is a “reference” to an existing variable, and it is created with the & operator:

string food = "Pizza";  // food variable
string &meal = food;    // reference to food

Now, we can use either the variable name food or the reference name meal to refer to the food variable: Continue reading C++ References

C++ Enumeration

C++ Enums

An enum is a special type that represents a group of constants (unchangeable values).

To create an enum, use the enum keyword, followed by the name of the enum, and separate the enum items with a comma:

enum Level {
  LOW,
  MEDIUM,
  HIGH
};

Note that the last item does not need a comma.

It is not required to use uppercase, but often considered as good practice.

Enum is short for “enumerations”, which means “specifically listed”.

Continue reading C++ Enumeration